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Question 1: Consider the following pairs of Judicial Doctrines and their meanings in the Indian context:
Doctrine of Pith and Substance: Helps in examining the true nature of legislation and deciding which list it belongs to.
Doctrine of Due Process of Law: Checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal liberty of a person and also sees if the law made is fair, just, and not arbitrary.
Doctrine of Severability: In case of inconsistency with the Constitution, only the disputed provision of the statute will be void and not the whole of it.
Doctrine of Eclipse: Any law that violates fundamental rights is not null or void ab initio, but is only non-enforceable.
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
- A
Only one
- B
Only two
- C
Only three
- D
All four
Explanation
Pair 1 is correct: The Doctrine of Pith and Substance is used to resolve inconsistencies between laws made by the Centre and the State Legislature, and was adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935.
Pair 2 is correct: Due Process of Law ensures a law depriving personal liberty is fair and not arbitrary.
Pair 3 is correct: The Doctrine of Severability (or separability) protects Fundamental Rights by invalidating only the inconsistent parts of a law, a principle used in the A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950) case.
Pair 4 is correct: The Doctrine of Eclipse makes a violating law inactive rather than dead, as first introduced in the Bhikaji Narain Dhakras v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1955) case
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between diversity and inequality?
- A
Diversity involves differences in culture and habits, whereas inequality occurs when a person lacks resources and opportunities available to others
- B
Diversity is created exclusively by economic status, whereas inequality is created by geography.
- C
Diversity refers to legal privileges, while inequality refers to natural physical variations.
- D
Diversity is prohibited by the Indian Constitution, whereas inequality is protected.
Explanation
Diversity represents benign and enriching cultural variations (such as languages, food, and religions). Inequality, conversely, is an unfair socio-economic condition where individuals do not have access to basic resources, education, or opportunities.
Option B is incorrect because diversity stems primarily from geographical and historical factors, not economic status alone. Option C is incorrect because diversity refers to cultural variation, not legal privileges. Option D is incorrect because the Constitution protects diversity and aims to eliminate inequality.
What is the literal meaning of the term "Dalit", which marginalized communities prefer over the term "untouchable"?
- A
Ruler
- B
Broken or Oppressed
- C
Elite
- D
Scholar
Explanation
The term "Dalit" means "broken" or "oppressed." It is a self-chosen term used by marginalized groups to highlight the historical oppression and social prejudice they have faced and continue to fight against.
Option A is incorrect because "Dalit" does not mean ruler. Option C is incorrect as it means the opposite of oppressed. Option D is incorrect as it refers to learned individuals.
Consider the following statements regarding Article 15 of the Constitution of India:
1. It prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
2. It allows private shop owners to restrict access to citizens based on their caste identity.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct as it accurately reflects the prohibition of discrimination under Article 15(1). Statement 2 is incorrect because Article 15(2) explicitly prohibits disability or restriction with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment.
Option B is incorrect because Statement 2 violates constitutional provisions. Option C is incorrect because Statement 2 is false. Option D is incorrect because Statement 1 is correct.
Consider the following statements regarding the Indian National Movement:
1. The movement was solely focused on removing the British and deliberately ignored internal social inequalities.
2. Peasants, Dalits, women, and tribals actively fought for their rights alongside the struggle against colonial rule.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect because the freedom struggle was deeply intertwined with internal social reform movements. Statement 2 is correct because marginalized groups mobilized extensively to demand social justice, land rights, gender equality, and an end to caste oppression as part of national liberation.
Option A is incorrect because Statement 1 is false. Option C is incorrect because Statement 1 is false. Option D is incorrect because Statement 2 is correct
Consider the following statements about Mission Sudarshan Chakra of India:
It aims to enhance India’s air defence, ballistic missile defence and aerial offensive capabilities.
This Mission is being designed to enhance rapid, precise, and powerful defence responses, reinforcing India’s strategic autonomy.
One of the aims of this Mission is to cover all public places of India by an expanded nationwide security shield by 2035.
- A1, 2 and 3
- B1 and 2 only
- C2 and 3 only
- D1 only
Which of the following best summarizes the core analytical theme of NCERT Class 6 Civics, Chapter 2?
- A
Unchecked prejudice and stereotypes lead to discrimination, which the Indian Constitution counters through enforceable guarantees of equality and social justice.
- B
Stereotypes are necessary tools for effective civic administration.
- C
Caste discrimination was fully eliminated in India prior to the arrival of the British.
- D
Economic development automatically removes all social prejudices without the need for constitutional laws.
Explanation
The core synthesis of Chapter 2 traces the transition from individual bias (prejudice/stereotypes) to societal harm (discrimination/exclusion), demonstrating how the Indian Constitution provides the legal framework to eliminate these barriers and establish a just, egalitarian democracy.
Option A is incorrect because stereotypes distort administrative fairness. Option C is historically false. Option D is incorrect because legal and constitutional safeguards are essential alongside economic progress to eradicate entrenched social prejudices
Which of the following statements. about a Zero First Information Report (Zero FIR) under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 is/are correct?
A Zero FIR can belodged at a police station, even though the place of commission of a cognizable/non-cognizable offence is outside the territorial jurisdiction of that police station.
The Officer-in-Charge of the police station where a Zero FIR has been lodged may, with the permission of the competent authority, initiate a preliminary enquiry.
Under Zero FIR, it is obligatory for the informant to furnish information electronically. 13/25
Select the answer using the code given below:
- A1, 2 and 3
- B2 and 3
- C1 only
- D2 only
Consider the following statements regarding prejudice and stereotypes:
1. Prejudice refers to judging people negatively or treating them as inferior before knowing them.
2. A stereotype is created when we fit all people of a particular group into one fixed mental image.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct because prejudice literally means to "pre-judge" someone negatively based on their group identity. Statement 2 is correct because stereotyping involves fixing individuals into a single, unyielding mental image, ignoring individual differences and potential.
Option A is incorrect because Statement 2 is also valid. Option B is incorrect because Statement 1 is also valid. Option D is incorrect because both statements accurately reflect NCERT definitions.
Consider the following statements regarding the secular framework of the Indian Republic:
1. India has a state religion that receives special patronage and funding from the central government.
2. Respect for all religions and freedom to practice one's faith is a core component of Indian secularism.
3. Minorities are legally barred from establishing their own educational institutions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 and 2 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
2 and 3 Only
- D
1,2 and 3
Explanation
Statement 2 is correct because Indian secularism involves equal respect for all religions (Sarva Dharma Sambhava). Statement 1 is incorrect because India has no official state religion. Statement 3 is incorrect because Articles 29 and 30 grant minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions.
Option A is incorrect because Statement 1 is false. Option C is incorrect because Statement 3 is false. Option D is incorrect because Statements 1 and 3 are false.
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